Interventions for HIV/AIDS

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Age Cohort: Pregnancy and newborn

Health Promotion	Disease Prevention	Diagnostic	Curative	Rehabilitative	Palliative
Community Level
Health education Create mass awareness on STIs /HIV/AIDs Sensitization on comprehensive sexuality education Health education on risk factors for STIs /HIV /AIDs Social and behavioural change communication Promote Condom use Promote early health seeking behaviour Promotion of stigma reduction Information Education Communication (IEC) materials distribution Condom and lubricants demonstration and distribution Strengthen CHWs and health workers knowledge on STIs/HIV/AIDs through trainings Training on support for GBV Including first line support at community level			Referral of pregnant women who test positive for HIV to next level for management Home based supervision of HIV positive women for compliance to antiretroviral therapy Refills /Supply of antiretroviral therapy by trained HIV community workers	Referral of people with signs and symptoms of opportunistic infections to hospital for treatment
Primary Care
Health education Create mass awareness on STIs /HIV/AIDs Sensitization on comprehensive sexuality education Health education on risk factors for STIs /HIV /AIDs Social and behavioural change communication Promote Condom use Promotion of HTS Promote early health seeking behaviour Promotion of stigma reduction Information Education Communication (IEC) materials distribution Condom and lubricants demonstration and distribution Strengthen health workers knowledge on STIs/HIV/AIDs through trainings Training on support for GBV	Counseling and Testing for HIV of pregnant women Administration of antiretroviral drugs to babies born to HIV positive mothers Avoid breastfeeding of babies of HIV positive mothers if feasible Avoid mixed feeding of babies of HIV positive mothers Perform PCR test of babies of HIV positive mothers between birth and six weeks		Physical and clinical examination Partner notification and expedited treatment for common STIs, /HIV Management of opportunistic infections Including : - Chronic diarrhoea - Oral Candidiasis - Oesophageal Candidiasis - Bacterial infections - PCP - Toxoplasmosis - TB - Extra pulmonary. - Cytomegalovirus Infection Management of TB co-infection Syndromic management of STIs Combination treatment with antiretroviral drugs of pregnant women who test positive/(after initiation at hospital level) Supportive management - Nutritional support /Supplements Medication refills Referral to hospitals for further management	Referral of people with signs and symptoms of opportunistic infections to hospital for treatment
Referral Facility: General
Health education Create mass awareness on STIs /HIV/AIDs Sensitization on comprehensive sexuality education Health education on risk factors for STIs /HIV /AIDs Social and behavioural change communication Promote Condom use Promotion of HTS Promote early health seeking behaviour Promotion of stigma reduction Information Education Communication (IEC) materials distribution Condom and lubricants demonstration and distribution Strengthen health workers knowledge on STIs/HIV/AIDs through trainings Training on support for GBV	Counseling and Testing for HIV of pregnant women Administration of antiretroviral drugs to babies born to HIV positive mothers Avoid breastfeeding of babies of HIV positive mothers if feasible Avoid mixed feeding of babies of HIV positive mothers Perform PCR test of babies of HIV positive mothers between birth and six weeks		Physical and clinical examination Partner notification and expedited treatment for common STIs, /HIV Provider initiated counselling and testing HIV testing Diagnostics - Blood tests - CD4 count - Imaging -X-rays - Microscopy culture and sensitivity Syndromic management of STIs Clinical staging of HIV Chemotherapy for STIs that have progressed into cancer Radiotherapy for STIs that have progressed into cancer Defaulter tracking Management of opportunistic infections - Chronic diarrhoea - Oral Candidiasis -Oesophageal Candidiasis - Bacterial infections - PCP - Toxoplasmosis - TB - Extra pulmonary. - Cytomegalovirus Infection - Kaposi’s sarcoma - Lymphoma and other HIV related malignancies. Screening for TB and other opportunistic infections Management of TB co-infection Management of advanced HIV disease and complications Management of any complications Management for sexual violence cases and referral to support services 8 Treatment literacy /adherence counselling Supportive management - Nutritional support /Supplements Monitoring adherence to prescribed medications ART initiation services ART Monitoring ART refills Referral and linkages
Referral Facility: Specialist
Health education Create mass awareness on STIs /HIV/AIDs Sensitization on comprehensive sexuality education Health education on risk factors for STIs /HIV /AIDs Social and behavioural change communication Promote Condom use Promotion of HTS Promote early health seeking behaviour Promotion of stigma reduction Information Education Communication (IEC) materials distribution Condom and lubricants demonstration and distribution Strengthen health workers knowledge on STIs/HIV/AIDs through trainings Training on support for GBV	Counseling and Testing for HIV of pregnant women Administration of antiretroviral drugs to babies born to HIV positive mothers Avoid breastfeeding of babies of HIV positive mothers if feasible Avoid mixed feeding of babies of HIV positive mothers Perform PCR test of babies of HIV positive mothers between birth and six weeks		Physical and clinical examination Partner notification and expedited treatment for common STIs, /HIV Provider initiated counselling and testing HIV testing Diagnostics - Blood tests - CD4 count - Imaging -X-rays - Microscopy culture and sensitivity Syndromic management of STIs Clinical staging of HIV Chemotherapy for STIs that have progressed into cancer Radiotherapy for STIs that have progressed into cancer Defaulter tracking Management of opportunistic infections - Chronic diarrhoea - Oral Candidiasis -Oesophageal Candidiasis - Bacterial infections - PCP - Toxoplasmosis - TB - Extra pulmonary. - Cytomegalovirus Infection - Kaposi’s sarcoma - Lymphoma and other HIV related malignancies. Screening for TB and other opportunistic infections Management of TB co-infection Management of advanced HIV disease and complications Management of any complications Management for sexual violence cases and referral to support services 8 Treatment literacy /adherence counselling Supportive management - Nutritional support /Supplements Monitoring adherence to prescribed medications ART initiation services ART Monitoring ART refills Referral and linkages ICU care

Age Cohort: < 5 years

Health Promotion	Disease Prevention	Diagnostic	Curative	Rehabilitative	Palliative
Community Level
Social and behavioural change communication for parents Community awareness on the risks and prevention of sexual abuse of children	Primary prevention of HIV in adolescents and women of child bearing ages Screening pregnant women for HIV	Recognition of HIV/AIDS signs and symptoms HIV counselling and testing DBS collection	Early testing for HIV exposed infants Support treatment adherence to ARV for HIV infected children Refills /Supply of antiretroviral Trace loss to follow-ups	Self-management education for parents Support parents for disclosure	Emotional, social, spiritual assessment and support based on cultural needs, values and preferences of patients and families Linkage with support groups
Primary Care
Social and behavioural change communication for parents Community awareness on the risks and prevention of sexual abuse of children	Primary prevention of HIV in adolescents and women of child bearing ages Screen pregnant women for HIV Contraceptives ARV for HIV positive pregnant women ARV prophylaxis to HIV exposed infant	Antibody/Antigen based RDT Rapid molecular HIV test Clinical staging Complete blood count POC CD4 testing POC Viral load testing Chest radiograph	Antiretroviral therapy Opportunistic infection prophylaxis Patient follow-up Adverse drug reactions (ADR) monitoring Treatment of mild opportunistic infections TB/HIV co-infection Nutritional support Adherence support Referral to higher level for advanced HIV infection, severe adverse effects, complications and non-compliance	Self-management education for parents Support parents for disclosure	Emotional, social, spiritual assessment and support based on cultural needs, values and preferences of patients and families Linkage with support groups
Referral Facility: General
Health education and risk reduction counselling to parents	Screen pregnant women for HIV ARV for HIV positive pregnant women ARV prophylaxis to HIV exposed infant Contraceptives	HIV counselling and testing Rapid molecular HIV test Clinical staging Complete blood count CD4 testing Basic metabolic panel Viral load testing Chest radiograph HBV and HCV tests Ultrasound	First-line antiretroviral therapy Second-line antiretroviral therapy Manage moderate to severe adverse reactions * Viral load monitoring Treat moderate to severe OIs Treat TB/HIV co-infection Manage co-morbidities Referral to higher level for to non-responders	Self-management education for parents Support parents for disclosure	Emotional, social, spiritual assessment and support based on cultural needs, values and preferences of patients and families Linkage with support groups
Referral Facility: Specialist
Health education and risk reduction counselling to parents	Screen pregnant women for HIV ARV for HIV positive pregnant women ARV prophylaxis to HIV exposed infant Contraceptives	HIV counselling and testing Rapid molecular HIV test Clinical staging Complete blood count CD4 testing Basic metabolic panel Viral load testing Chest radiograph HBV and HCV tests Ultrasound Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Computed tomography (CT)	First-line antiretroviral therapy Second-line antiretroviral therapy Manage moderate to severe adverse reactions * Viral load monitoring Management moderate to severe opportunistic infections Treat TB Manage co-morbidities Intensive care as clinically indicated	Self-management education for parents Support parents for disclosure	Emotional, social, spiritual assessment and support based on cultural needs, values and preferences of patients and families Linkage with support groups

Age Cohort: 5 - 11 years

Health Promotion	Disease Prevention	Diagnostic	Curative	Rehabilitative	Palliative
Community Level
Social and behavioural change communication for parents School health education Community awareness on the risks and prevention of sexual abuse of children	Primary prevention of HIV in adolescents and women of child bearing ages Screening pregnant women for HIV Community outreach HIV testing	Recognition of HIV/AIDS signs and symptoms HIV counselling and testing	Adherence support Refills /Supply of antiretroviral Trace loss to follow-ups	Self-management education for parents Support for disclosure	Emotional, social, spiritual assessment and support based on cultural needs, values and preferences of patients and families Linkage with adolescent support groups
Primary Care
Health education and risk reduction counselling to parents	Screen pregnant women for HIV ARV for HIV positive pregnant women ARV prophylaxis to HIV exposed infant Contraceptives	History Physical examination Antibody/Antigen based RDT Clinical staging Complete blood count POC CD4 testing POC Viral load testing Chest radiograph	First-line antiretroviral therapy Co-trimoxazole prophylaxis TB preventive therapy Adverse drug reactions (ADR) monitoring Treat opportunistic infections Treat TB Nutritional support Adherence support Referral to higher level for advanced HIV infection	Self-management education for parents Support for disclosure	Emotional, social, spiritual assessment and support based on cultural needs, values and preferences of patients and families Linkage with adolescent support groups
Referral Facility: General
Health education and risk reduction counselling to parents	Screen pregnant women for HIV ARV for HIV positive pregnant women ARV prophylaxis to HIV exposed infant Contraceptives	HIV counselling and testing PCR based HIV testing Clinical staging Complete blood count CD4 testing Basic metabolic panel Viral load testing Chest radiograph HBV and HCV tests Ultrasound Cryptococcal antigen test	First-line antiretroviral therapy Second-line antiretroviral therapy Co-trimoxazole prophylaxis TB preventive therapy Manage moderate to severe adverse reactions * Viral load monitoring Treat moderate to severe OIs Treat TB Manage co-morbidities Referral to higher level for to non-responders	Self-management education for parents Support for disclosure	Emotional, social, spiritual assessment and support based on cultural needs, values and preferences of patients and families Linkage with adolescent support groups
Referral Facility: Specialist
Health education and risk reduction counselling to parents	Screen pregnant women for HIV ARV for HIV positive pregnant women ARV prophylaxis to HIV exposed infant Contraceptives	HIV counselling and testing PCR based HIV testing Clinical staging Complete blood count CD4 testing Basic metabolic panel Viral load testing Chest radiograph HBV and HCV tests Ultrasound Cryptococcal antigen test Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Computed tomography (CT)	Second-line antiretroviral therapy Co-trimoxazole prophylaxis TB preventive therapy Manage severe adverse reactions * Viral load monitoring Management of severe opportunistic infections Treat TB Manage co-morbidities Intensive care as clinically indicated	Self-management education for parents Support for disclosure	Emotional, social, spiritual assessment and support based on cultural needs, values and preferences of patients and families Linkage with adolescent support groups

Age Cohort: 12 - 24 years

Health Promotion	Disease Prevention	Diagnostic	Curative	Rehabilitative	Palliative
Community Level
Social and behavioural change communication School-based HIV education Peer-based HIV education Comprehensive sexuality education (CSE) for AGYW and adolescent boys Mass media on HIV awareness Condom social marketing Structural interventions (policy, legal, Cash transfers and incentives) Peer-based education School-based sexual education (50-95% coverage) Mass media	Safe sexual practice including condom use Avoiding harmful traditional practices including sharing needles Community-based outreach and testing HIV Testing (50-95% coverage) Condom (50-95% coverage)	Recognition of HIV/AIDS signs and symptoms HIV counselling and testing	Support treatment adherence to ARV for HIV infected children Refills /Supply of antiretroviral Trace loss to follow-ups	Self-management education Physical exercise Nutritional support	Symptomatic relief for patients with untreatable advanced HIV diseases Emotional, social, spiritual assessment and support based on cultural needs, values and preferences of patients and families Linkage with community based support groups
Primary Care
Health education and risk reduction counselling	Provider-initiated HIV testing Screening blood for HIV Oral PrEP Dapivirine vaginal ring Injectable long-acting cabotegravir Post-exposure prophylaxis Treatment of STIs Voluntary male medical circumcision (VMMC) Substance abuse treatment Needle exchange program HIV Testing (50-95% coverage) Condom (50-95% coverage)	History Physical examination Antibody/Antigen based RDT Clinical staging Complete blood count POC CD4 testing POC Viral load testing Chest radiograph Lateral flow urine lipoarabinomannan (LF-LAM) assay Rapid molecular diagnostic tests	First-line antiretroviral therapy Co-trimoxazole prophylaxis TB preventive therapy Adverse drug reactions (ADR) monitoring Treat opportunistic infections Treat TB Nutritional support Adherence support Referral to higher level for advanced HIV infection, severe adverse effects, complications and non-compliance Lateral-flow urine lipoarabinomannan (LAM) for TB diagnosis in PLHIV Highly active antiretroviral therapy with adherence and laboratory monitoring	Self-management education Physical exercise Nutritional support	Symptomatic relief for patients with untreatable advanced HIV diseases Emotional, social, spiritual assessment and support based on cultural needs, values and preferences of patients and families Linkage with adolescent support groups
Referral Facility: General
Health education and risk reduction counselling	Provider-initiated HIV testing Screening blood for HIV Oral PrEP Dapivirine vaginal ring Injectable long-acting cabotegravir Post-exposure prophylaxis Treatment of STIs Voluntary male medical circumcision (VMMC) Substance abuse treatment Needle exchange program Latent TB infection diagnosis and treatment	History Physical examination Mental health assessment Antibody/antigen testing PCR based HIV testing Clinical staging Complete blood count CD4 testing Basic metabolic panel Viral load testing Chest radiograph HBV and HCV tests Ultrasound Cryptococcal antigen test Lateral flow urine lipoarabinomannan (LF-LAM) assay Rapid molecular diagnostic tests	First-line antiretroviral therapy Second-line antiretroviral therapy Co-trimoxazole prophylaxis TB preventive therapy Fluconazole pre-emptive therapy Manage moderate to severe adverse reactions * Viral load monitoring Treat moderate to severe OIs Treat TB Manage co-morbidities (viral hepatitis, NCDs) Referral to higher level for to non-responders Lateral-flow urine lipoarabinomannan (LAM) for TB diagnosis in PLHIV Highly active antiretroviral therapy with adherence and laboratory monitoring	Self-management education Physical exercise Nutritional support	Symptomatic relief for patients with untreatable advanced HIV diseases Emotional, social, spiritual assessment and support based on cultural needs, values and preferences of patients and families Linkage with adolescent support groups
Referral Facility: Specialist
Health education and risk reduction counselling	Provider-initiated HIV testing Screening blood for HIV Oral PrEP Dapivirine vaginal ring Injectable long-acting cabotegravir Post-exposure prophylaxis Treatment of STIs Voluntary male medical circumcision (VMMC) Substance abuse treatment Needle exchange program PMTCT	History Physical examination Mental health assessment HIV counselling and testing PCR based HIV testing Clinical staging Complete blood count CD4 testing Basic metabolic panel Viral load testing Chest radiograph HBV and HCV tests Ultrasound Cryptococcal antigen test Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Computed tomography (CT)	Second-line antiretroviral therapy Third-line antiretroviral therapy Co-trimoxazole prophylaxis TB preventive therapy Fluconazole pre-emptive therapy Manage severe adverse reactions * Viral load monitoring Management of severe opportunistic infections Treat TB Manage co-morbidities (viral hepatitis, NCDs) Intensive care as clinically indicated Linkage to care and non-medical support	Self-management education Physical exercise Nutritional support	Symptomatic relief for patients with untreatable advanced HIV diseases Emotional, social, spiritual assessment and support based on cultural needs, values and preferences of patients and families Linkage with adolescent support groups

Age Cohort: 25 - 59 years

Health Promotion	Disease Prevention	Diagnostic	Curative	Rehabilitative	Palliative
Community Level
Social and behavioural change communication Peer-based HIV education Health education and risk reduction counselling Mass media on HIV awareness Condom social marketing Structural (policy, legal) interventions Create awareness on STIs and HIV/AIDS risk factors and prevention methods Social and behavioural change communication for parents Mass media to raise awareness on HIV/AIDs and its prevention	Safe sexual practice including condom use Avoiding harmful traditional practices including sharing needles HIV Testing including HIV self-test Avoiding harmful traditional practices including sharing needles Consistent and correct use of condoms HIV Testing including HIV self-test Prevent gender-based violence	Recognition of HIV/AIDS signs and symptoms HIV Antibody based rapid test	Support treatment adherence Refills/Supply of antiretroviral Trace loss to follow-ups	Self-management education Physical exercise Nutritional support	Emotional, social, spiritual assessment and support based on cultural needs, values and preferences of patients and families
Primary Care
Social and behavioural change communication Health education and risk reduction counselling	Provider-initiated HIV testing Screening blood for HIV Oral PrEP Dapivirine vaginal ring Injectable long-acting cabotegravir Post-exposure prophylaxis Treatment of STIs Voluntary male medical circumcision (VMMC) Substance abuse treatment Needle exchange program Avoiding harmful traditional practices including sharing needles Consistent and correct use of condoms HIV Testing including HIV self-test Oral PrEP Injectable PrEP Prevent gender-based violence Screening high risk groups for STI and HIV Early treatment of STIs Prevent gender-based violence	History Physical examination Antibody/Antigen based RDT Clinical staging Complete blood count POC CD4 testing POC Viral load testing Chest radiograph	First-line antiretroviral therapy Opportunistic infection prophylaxis Patient follow-up Adverse drug reactions (ADR) monitoring Treatment of mild opportunistic infections TB/HIV co-infection Nutritional support Adherence support Referral to higher level for advanced HIV infection, severe adverse effects, complications and non-compliance Assess and classify for HIV * Initiate combination ARVs Monitor clinically, CD4, viral load Manage opportunistic infections Manage TB co-infection Syndromic management of STIs Supportive management (e.g., nutritional support and supplements etc) Medication refills Trace loss to follow-ups Referral to higher level for severe adverse effects, complications and non-compliance	Self-management education Physical exercise Nutritional support	Emotional, social, spiritual assessment and support based on cultural needs, values and preferences of patients and families
Referral Facility: General
Health education and risk reduction counselling	HIV Testing including HIV self-test Oral PrEP Injectable PrEP Microbicides Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision (VMMC) Screening high risk groups for STI and HIV Early treatment of STIs Provider-initiated HIV testing Screening blood for HIV Oral PrEP Dapivirine vaginal ring Injectable long-acting cabotegravir Post-exposure prophylaxis Treatment of STIs Voluntary male medical circumcision (VMMC) Substance abuse treatment Needle exchange program	History Physical examination Antibody/Antigen based RDT Clinical staging Complete blood count CD4 testing Basic metabolic panel Viral load testing Chest radiograph Ultrasound Cryptococcal antigen test HBV and HCV tests	Initiate combination ARVs * Monitor clinically, CD4, viral load Management of opportunistic infections Screening and management of latent TB infection and active TB co-infection Syndromic management of STIs Supportive management (e.g., nutritional support, etc) Medication refills Trace loss to follow-ups Referral to higher level for severe adverse reactions, complications and non-compliance First-line antiretroviral therapy Second-line antiretroviral therapy Manage moderate to severe adverse reactions * Viral load monitoring Treat moderate to severe OIs Treat TB/HIV co-infection Manage co-morbidities (viral hepatitis, NCDs) Referral to higher level for to non-responders	Self-management education Physical exercise Nutritional support	Symptomatic relief for patients with untreatable advanced HIV diseases Emotional, social, spiritual assessment and support based on cultural needs, values and preferences of patients and families
Referral Facility: Specialist
Health education and risk reduction counselling	Provider-initiated HIV testing Screening blood for HIV Oral PrEP Dapivirine vaginal ring Injectable long-acting cabotegravir Post-exposure prophylaxis Treatment of STIs Voluntary male medical circumcision (VMMC) Substance abuse treatment Needle exchange program	Antibody/Antigen based RDT PCR based HIV testing Clinical staging Complete blood count CD4 testing Basic metabolic panel Viral load testing Chest radiograph HBV and HCV tests Ultrasound Cryptococcal antigen test Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Computed tomography (CT)	Initiate combination ARVs Diagnose and manage advance HIV diseases Monitor clinically, CD4, viral load, Chest X-ray, GeneXpert, culture etc Management of opportunistic infections Screening and management of LTBI, TB (DS & MDR) co-infection Etiologic management of STIs Supportive management (e.g., nutritional support, etc) Medication refills ICU care as clinically indicated Linkage to care and non-medical support Third-line ARV Manage severe ADRs Viral load monitoring Treatment of severe opportunistic infections TB/HIV co-infection treatment Co-morbidities (viral hepatitis, NCDs) treatment ICU care as clinically indicated Linkage to care and non-medical support	Self-management education Physical exercise Nutritional support	Symptomatic relief for patients with untreatable advanced HIV diseases Emotional, social, spiritual assessment and support based on cultural needs, values and preferences of patients and families

Age Cohort: 60+ years

Health Promotion	Disease Prevention	Diagnostic	Curative	Rehabilitative	Palliative
Community Level
Social and behavioural change communication	Safe sexual practice including condom use Avoiding harmful traditional practices including sharing needles HIV Testing including HIV self-test	Recognition of HIV/AIDS signs and symptoms HIV counselling and testing	Adherence support Refills /Supply of antiretroviral Trace loss to follow-ups	Self-management education Physical exercise Nutritional support	Emotional, social, spiritual assessment and support based on cultural needs, values and preferences of patients and families
Primary Care
Create awareness on STIs and HIV/AIDS risk factors and prevention methods Social and behavioural change communication for parents Mass media to raise awareness on HIV/AIDs and its prevention	HIV Testing including HIV self-test Oral PrEP Injectable PrEP Post-exposure prophylaxis Screening high risk groups for STI and HIV Early treatment of STIs	Antibody/Antigen based RDT Clinical staging Complete blood count POC CD4 testing POC Viral load testing Chest radiograph HBV and HCV tests	First-line antiretroviral therapy Opportunistic infection prophylaxis Patient follow-up Adverse drug reactions (ADR) monitoring Treatment of mild opportunistic infections TB/HIV co-infection Nutritional support Adherence support Referral to higher level for advanced HIV infection, severe adverse effects, complications and non-compliance	Self-management education Physical exercise Nutritional support	Emotional, social, spiritual assessment and support based on cultural needs, values and preferences of patients and families
Referral Facility: General
Create awareness on STIs and HIV/AIDS risk factors and prevention methods Social and behavioural change communication for parents Mass media to raise awareness on HIV/AIDs and its prevention	HIV Testing including HIV self-test Oral PrEP Injectable PrEP Post-exposure prophylaxis Screening high risk groups for STI and HIV Early treatment of STIs	HIV counselling and testing PCR based HIV testing Clinical staging Complete blood count CD4 testing Basic metabolic panel Viral load testing Chest radiograph Ultrasound Cryptococcal antigen test HBV and HCV tests	First-line antiretroviral therapy Second-line antiretroviral therapy Manage moderate to severe adverse reactions * Viral load monitoring Treat moderate to severe OIs Treat TB/HIV co-infection Manage co-morbidities (viral hepatitis, NCDs) Referral to higher level for to non-responders	Self-management education Physical exercise Nutritional support	Symptomatic relief for patients with untreatable advanced HIV diseases Emotional, social, spiritual assessment and support based on cultural needs, values and preferences of patients and families
Referral Facility: Specialist
Create awareness on STIs and HIV/AIDS risk factors and prevention methods Social and behavioural change communication for parents Mass media to raise awareness on HIV/AIDs and its prevention	HIV Testing including HIV self-test Oral PrEP Injectable PrEP Post-exposure prophylaxis Screening high risk groups for STI and HIV Early treatment of STIs	HIV counselling and testing PCR based HIV testing Clinical staging Complete blood count CD4 testing Basic metabolic panel Viral load testing Chest radiograph HBV and HCV tests Ultrasound Cryptococcal antigen test Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Computed tomography (CT)	Second-line antiretroviral therapy Third-line antiretroviral therapy Manage severe adverse reactions * Viral load monitoring Management of severe opportunistic infections Treat TB/HIV co-infection Manage co-morbidities (viral hepatitis, NCDs) Intesive care as clinically indicated	Self-management education Physical exercise Nutritional support	Symptomatic relief for patients with untreatable advanced HIV diseases Emotional, social, spiritual assessment and support based on cultural needs, values and preferences of patients and families Linkage to care and non-medical support