Interventions for Digestive congenital anomalies (Oesophageal Atresia/Tracheo-Oesophageal Fistula)

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Age Cohort: Pregnancy and newborn

Health Promotion	Disease Prevention	Diagnostic	Curative	Rehabilitative	Palliative
Community Level
Educate adolescent girls and mothers to have a healthy diet including adequate dietary intake of vegetables and fruit; vitamins and minerals particularly folic acid; and maintain a healthy weight Educating and counselling parents and community on addressing stigma attached with congenital abnormalities 8 Information education and communication on harmful substances, particularly alcohol and tobacco; exposure of pregnant women to medications	Adequate dietary intake of vitamins and minerals, folic acid, variety of vegetables and fruit, and maintain a healthy weight for adolescent’s girls and mothers Avoid harmful substances, particularly alcohol and tobacco during pregnancy Reduce or eliminating environmental exposure to hazardous substances (such as heavy metals or pesticides) during pregnancy	Recognition of digestive congenital anomalies signs and symptoms	Immediate transfer of suspected congenital digestive system anomalies to a higher-level health care facility	Physiotherapy, speech therapy services Comprehensive and holistic care for the long-term management of problems associated with post-operative care	Psychological support to parents of babies with birth-related complications
Primary Care
Raise awareness on the importance of birth defects as a cause of child morbidity and mortality Educate adolescent girls and mothers on healthy diet and consumption of foods rich in natural folates Information education and communication on harmful substances, particularly alcohol and tobacco Education to minimize exposure of pregnant women and workers in their workplace to risk factors for congenital anomalies (chemical, physical and biological Secondary level Raise awareness of health professionals on the importance of new born screening for early identification of infants born with congenital birth defects	Avoiding teratogenic medications during pregnancy	Recognition of digestive congenital anomalies signs and symptoms	Immediate transfer of suspected digestive congenital anomalies to a higher-level health care facility	Physiotherapy, speech therapy services Comprehensive and holistic care for the long-term management of problems associated with post-operative care	Assess to detect and treat any signs of neurologic dysfunction such as delayed developmental milestones
Referral Facility: General
Raise awareness of health professionals on the importance of new born screening for early identification of infants born with congenital birth defects	Appropriate use of fortified foods Avoiding teratogenic medications during pregnancy	Clinical suspicion Chest radiograph	Immediate transfer of suspected digestive anomalies to a higher-level health care facility	Physiotherapy, speech therapy services Comprehensive and holistic care for the long-term management of problems associated with post-operative care	Assess to detect and treat any signs of neurologic dysfunction such as delayed developmental milestones
Referral Facility: Specialist
Raise awareness of health professionals on the importance of new born screening for early identification of infants born with congenital birth defects	Correction of some endocrine and metabolic abnormalities such as diabetes, hypothyroidism before conception Avoiding teratogenic medications during pregnancy Genetic testing and counselling for families at risk	Clinical suspicion Chest radiograph Ultrasonography (pre and post-natal) Chromosomal studies	Antibiotics, Intravenous fluids Nothing by mouth (NPO) Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) Surgical repair Postoperative neonatal intensive care	Physiotherapy, speech therapy services Comprehensive and holistic care for the long-term management of problems associated with post-operative care	Psychological support to parents of babies with birth-related complications Assess to detect and treat any signs of neurologic dysfunction such as delayed developmental milestones

Age Cohort: < 5 years

Health Promotion	Disease Prevention	Diagnostic	Curative	Rehabilitative	Palliative
Community Level
Educate adolescent girls and mothers to have a healthy diet including adequate dietary intake of vegetables and fruit, vitamins and minerals particularly folic acid; and maintain a healthy weight Educating and counselling parents and community on addressing stigma attached with congenital abnormalities Information education and communication on harmful substances, particularly alcohol and tobacco, exposure of pregnant women to medications	Adequate dietary intake of vitamins and minerals, folic acid, variety of vegetables and fruit, and maintain a healthy weight for adolescent’s girls and mothers Avoid harmful substances, particularly alcohol and tobacco during pregnancy Reduce or eliminating environmental exposure to hazardous substances (such as heavy metals or pesticides) during pregnancy.	Recognition of digestive congenital anomalies signs and symptoms	Immediate transfer of suspected congenital digestive system anomalies to a higher-level health care facility	Physiotherapy, speech therapy services Comprehensive and holistic care for the long-term management of problems associated with post-operative care	Psychological support to parents of babies with birth-related complications
Primary Care
Raise awareness on the importance of birth defects as a cause of child morbidity and mortality Educate adolescent girls and mothers on healthy diet and consumption of foods rich in natural folates Information education and communication on harmful substances, particularly alcohol and tobacco Education to minimize exposure of pregnant women and workers in their workplace to risk factors for congenital anomalies (chemical, physical and biological	Avoiding teratogenic medications during pregnancy	Recognition of digestive congenital anomalies signs and symptoms	Immediate transfer of suspected digestive congenital anomalies to a higher-level health care facility	Physiotherapy, speech therapy services Comprehensive and holistic care for the long-term management of problems associated with post-operative care	Assess to detect and treat any signs of neurologic dysfunction such as delayed developmental milestones
Referral Facility: General
Raise awareness of health professionals on the importance of new born screening for early identification of infants born with congenital birth defects	Appropriate use of fortified foods Avoiding teratogenic medications during pregnancy	Clinical suspicion Chest radiograph	Immediate transfer of suspected digestive anomalies to a higher-level health care facility	Physiotherapy, speech therapy services Comprehensive and holistic care for the long-term management of problems associated with post-operative care	Assess to detect and treat any signs of neurologic dysfunction such as delayed developmental milestones
Referral Facility: Specialist
Raise awareness of health professionals on the importance of new born screening for early identification of infants born with congenital birth defects	Correction of some endocrine and metabolic abnormalities such as diabetes, hypothyroidism before conception Avoiding teratogenic medications during pregnancy Genetic testing and counselling for families at risk	Clinical suspicion Chest radiograph Ultrasonography (pre and post-natal) Chromosomal studies	Antibiotics, Intravenous fluids Nothing by mouth (NPO) Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) Surgical repair 8 Postoperative neonatal intensive care	Physiotherapy, speech therapy services Comprehensive and holistic care for the long-term management of problems associated with post-operative care	Psychological support to parents of babies with birth-related complications Assess to detect and treat any signs of neurologic dysfunction such as delayed developmental milestones