Interventions for Road traffic Injuries

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Age Cohort: 5 - 11 years

Health Promotion	Disease Prevention	Diagnostic	Curative	Rehabilitative	Palliative
Community Level
Community awareness on road safety Setting and enforce laws on key risks such as speeding, driving while intoxicated, failing to use motorcycle helmets, seat-belts, and distracted driving Advocacy for improving the design of roads and road infrastructure Educate children and students on road safety	Enforcement of traffic regulations Using appropriate child restraints and seatbelts Requiring children to sit in the rear passenger seat Environmental modifications for the reduction of speed (e.g., around schools, play grounds) Using appropriate bicycle and motorcycle helmets Breath testing for alcohol	Recognition of signs and symptoms of road traffic injuries	Advance trauma life support (ATLS) Pre-hospital care Basic life support Early recognition of signs for the need for referral	Physical rehabilitation Family or caregiver educational training	Non-opioid analgesia for effective control of mild to moderate- pain Symptomatic non-pharmacological treatment Emotional, social, spiritual assessment and support based on cultural needs, values and preferences of patients and families
Primary Care
Health education on road safety to children and their parents	Guidance and counselling on safety and injury prevention Guidance and counselling on vehicular seat belts	History Physical examination	Advance trauma life support (ATLS)- Primary survey and ABCDE approach Early recognition of danger signs and referral	Physical rehabilitation Occupational therapy Family or caregiver educational training Provide assistive products such as wheelchairs, Remove barriers to social and economic services	Opioid analgesia for effective control of moderate-to-severe pain Symptomatic non-pharmacological treatment Emotional, social, spiritual assessment and support based on cultural needs, values and preferences of patients and families
Referral Facility: General
Health education on road safety to children and their parents	Guidance and counselling on safety and injury prevention Guidance and counselling on vehicular seat belts	History Physical examination X-ray Ultrasound Diagnostic peritoneal lavage Complete blood count Basic metabolic panel Liver function test Pregnancy test Blood grouping	Advance trauma life support (ATLS)- secondary survey IV fluids Blood and blood product transfusion Definitive care Transfer to higher centres for complicated cases	Physical rehabilitation Occupational therapy Family or caregiver educational training Provide assistive products such as wheelchairs, Remove barriers to social and economic services	Opioid analgesia for effective control of moderate-to-severe pain Symptomatic non-pharmacological treatment Emotional, social, spiritual assessment and support based on cultural needs, values and preferences of patients and families
Referral Facility: Specialist
Health education on road safety to children and their parents	Guidance and counselling on safety and injury prevention Guidance and counselling on vehicular seat belts	History Physical examination X-ray Diagnostic peritoneal lavage Complete blood count Basic metabolic panel Liver function test Pregnancy test Blood grouping Computed tomography (CT) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)	Advance trauma life support (ATLS)- tertiary survey Resuscitation Blood and blood product transfusion Major surgery Re-constructive surgery	Physical rehabilitation Occupational therapy Family or caregiver educational training Provide assistive products such as wheelchairs, Remove barriers to social and economic services	Opioid analgesia for effective control of moderate-to-severe pain Symptomatic non-pharmacological treatment Emotional, social, spiritual assessment and support based on cultural needs, values and preferences of patients and families

Age Cohort: < 5 years

Health Promotion	Disease Prevention	Diagnostic	Curative	Rehabilitative	Palliative
Community Level
Mass media campaigns on road safety for children Educate kindergarten students on safety	Enforcement of traffic regulations Using appropriate child restraints and seatbelts Requiring children to sit in the rear passenger seat Use a car safety seat every time a child rides in the car Installation of speed bumps at high-risk intersections (e.g schools, playground areas) Breath testing for alcohol	Recognition of Road traffic injuries signs and symptoms	First aid Early recognition of danger signs for the need for referral	Physical therapy for children with neurological complications	Psychological and social support to parents of babies with injury-related complications and deformities
Primary Care
Public awareness campaigns on road safety for children	Counselling on vehicular child restraint and road safety behaviours	History Physical examination	First aid Early recognition of danger signs and referral	Physical therapy for children with neurological complications Training on use of assisting devices	Psychological and social support to parents of babies with injury-related complications and deformities
Referral Facility: General
Health education on road safety to children and their parents	Guidance and counselling on safety and injury prevention Guidance and counselling on vehicular seat belts	History Physical examination X-ray Ultrasound	Paediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS) Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) management IV fluids Blood and blood product transfusion Acute trauma management, Transfer to higher centres for complicated cases	Advanced physiotherapy, speech therapy services Training on use of assisting devices	Psychological and social support to parents of babies with injury-related complications and deformities
Referral Facility: Specialist
Health education on road safety to children and their parents	Guidance and counselling on safety and injury prevention Guidance and counselling on vehicular seat belts	History Physical examination Contrast CT scan MRI	Paediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS) Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) management Blood and blood product transfusion Major surgery Re-constructive surgery	Advanced physiotherapy, speech therapy services Training on use of assisting devices	Psychological and social support to parents of babies with injury-related complications and deformities

Age Cohort: 25 - 59 years

Health Promotion	Disease Prevention	Diagnostic	Curative	Rehabilitative	Palliative
Community Level
Community awareness on road safety Setting and enforce laws on key risks such as speeding, driving while intoxicated, failing to use motorcycle helmets, seat-belts, and distracted driving Advocacy for improving the design of roads and road infrastructure	Enforcement of traffic regulations including helmet and seat belt use and drunk-driving Installation of speed bumps at high-risk intersections Breath testing for alcohol Formation of health committees on the prevention of injury	Recognition of signs and symptoms of road traffic injuries	Advance trauma life support (ATLS) Pre-hospital care Basic life support Early recognition of signs for the need for referral	Physical rehabilitation Family or caregiver educational training	Non-opioid analgesia for effective control of mild to moderate- pain Symptomatic non-pharmacological treatment Emotional, social, spiritual assessment and support based on cultural needs, values and preferences of patients and families
Primary Care
Public awareness education on road safety	Guidance and counselling on safety and injury prevention	History Physical examination X-ray	Advance trauma life support (ATLS)- Primary survey and ABCDE approach Early recognition of danger signs and referral	Physical rehabilitation Occupational therapy Family or caregiver educational training Provide assistive products such as wheelchairs, Remove barriers to social and economic services	Opioid analgesia for effective control of moderate-to-severe pain Symptomatic non-pharmacological treatment Emotional, social, spiritual assessment and support based on cultural needs, values and preferences of patients and families
Referral Facility: General
	Guidance and counselling on safety and injury prevention	History Physical examination X-ray Ultrasound Diagnostic peritoneal lavage Complete blood count Basic metabolic panel Liver function test Pregnancy test Blood grouping	Advance trauma life support (ATLS)- secondary survey IV fluids Blood and blood product transfusion Definitive care Transfer to higher centres for complicated cases	Physical rehabilitation Occupational therapy Family or caregiver educational training Provide assistive products such as wheelchairs, Remove barriers to social and economic services	Opioid analgesia for effective control of moderate-to-severe pain Symptomatic non-pharmacological treatment Emotional, social, spiritual assessment and support based on cultural needs, values and preferences of patients and families
Referral Facility: Specialist
	Guidance and counselling on safety and injury prevention	History Physical examination X-ray Diagnostic peritoneal lavage Complete blood count Basic metabolic panel Liver function test Pregnancy test Blood grouping Computed tomography (CT) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)	History and physical examination for serious injury Provide emergency treatment based on Paediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS) and Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) management Advanced imaging, scanning services and diagnostic facilities like contrast CT scan and MRI Minor and major surgical interventions Advanced and specialized treatment like re-constructive surgery Advanced laboratory tests Blood and blood product transfusion products transfusion services Advanced physiotherapy services	Physical rehabilitation Occupational therapy Family or caregiver educational training Provide assistive products such as wheelchairs, Remove barriers to social and economic services	Opioid analgesia for effective control of moderate-to-severe pain Symptomatic non-pharmacological treatment Emotional, social, spiritual assessment and support based on cultural needs, values and preferences of patients and families

Age Cohort: 60+ years

Health Promotion	Disease Prevention	Diagnostic	Curative	Rehabilitative	Palliative
Community Level
Community awareness on road safety Setting and enforce laws on key risks such as speeding, driving while intoxicated, failing to use motorcycle helmets, seat-belts, and distracted driving Advocacy for improving the design of roads and road infrastructure	Enforcement of traffic regulations including helmet and seat belt use and drunk-driving Installation of speed bumps at high-risk intersections Breath testing for alcohol Formation of health committees on the prevention of injury	Recognition of signs and symptoms of road traffic injuries	First aid Early recognition of danger signs for the need for referral	Physical rehabilitation Family or caregiver educational training	Opioid analgesia for effective control of moderate-to-severe pain Symptomatic non-pharmacological treatment Emotional, social, spiritual assessment and support based on cultural needs, values and preferences of patients and families Linkage to address financial well-being of patients and family members
Primary Care
Public awareness education on road safety	Guidance and counselling on safety and injury prevention	History Physical examination	First aid Management of mild injuries Early recognition of danger signs and referral	Physical rehabilitation Occupational therapy Family or caregiver educational training Provide assistive products such as wheelchairs, Remove barriers to social and economic services	Opioid analgesia for effective control of moderate-to-severe pain Symptomatic non-pharmacological treatment Emotional, social, spiritual assessment and support based on cultural needs, values and preferences of patients and families Linkage to address financial well-being of patients and family members
Referral Facility: General
		History Physical examination X-ray Ultrasound	Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) management IV fluids Blood and blood product transfusion Acute trauma management, Transfer to higher centres for complicated cas	Physical rehabilitation Occupational therapy Family or caregiver educational training Provide assistive products such as wheelchairs, Remove barriers to social and economic services	Opioid analgesia for effective control of moderate-to-severe pain Symptomatic non-pharmacological treatment Emotional, social, spiritual assessment and support based on cultural needs, values and preferences of patients and families Linkage to address financial well-being of patients and family members
Referral Facility: Specialist
		History Physical examination Contrast CT scan MRI	Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) management Blood and blood product transfusion Major surgery Re-constructive surgery	Physical rehabilitation Occupational therapy Family or caregiver educational training Provide assistive products such as wheelchairs, Remove barriers to social and economic services	Opioid analgesia for effective control of moderate-to-severe pain Symptomatic non-pharmacological treatment Emotional, social, spiritual assessment and support based on cultural needs, values and preferences of patients and families Linkage to address financial well-being of patients and family members

Age Cohort: 12 - 24 years

Health Promotion	Disease Prevention	Diagnostic	Curative	Rehabilitative	Palliative
Community Level
Community awareness on road safety Setting and enforce laws on key risks such as speeding, driving while intoxicated, failing to use motorcycle helmets, seat-belts, and distracted driving Advocacy for improving the design of roads and road infrastructure Educate children and students on road safety	Enforcement of traffic regulations Using appropriate child restraints and seatbelts Requiring children to sit in the rear passenger seat Environmental modifications for the reduction of speed (e.g., around schools, play grounds) Using appropriate bicycle and motorcycle helmets Breath testing for alcohol	Recognition of signs and symptoms of road traffic injuries	Advance trauma life support (ATLS) Pre-hospital care Basic life support Early recognition of signs for the need for referral	Physical rehabilitation Family or caregiver educational training	Non-opioid analgesia for effective control of mild to moderate- pain Symptomatic non-pharmacological treatment Emotional, social, spiritual assessment and support based on cultural needs, values and preferences of patients and families
Primary Care
Health education on road safety	Guidance and counselling on safety and injury prevention and injury prevention.	History Physical examination	Advance trauma life support (ATLS)- Primary survey and ABCDE approach Early recognition of danger signs and referral	Physical rehabilitation Occupational therapy Family or caregiver educational training Provide assistive products such as wheelchairs, Remove barriers to social and economic services	Opioid analgesia for effective control of moderate-to-severe pain Symptomatic non-pharmacological treatment Emotional, social, spiritual assessment and support based on cultural needs, values and preferences of patients and families
Referral Facility: General
	Guidance and counselling on safety and injury prevention	History Physical examination X-ray Ultrasound Diagnostic peritoneal lavage Complete blood count Basic metabolic panel Liver function test Pregnancy test Blood grouping	Advance trauma life support (ATLS)- secondary survey IV fluids Blood and blood product transfusion Definitive care Transfer to higher centres for complicated cases	Physical rehabilitation Occupational therapy Family or caregiver educational training Provide assistive products such as wheelchairs, Remove barriers to social and economic services	Opioid analgesia for effective control of moderate-to-severe pain Symptomatic non-pharmacological treatment Emotional, social, spiritual assessment and support based on cultural needs, values and preferences of patients and families
Referral Facility: Specialist
	Guidance and counselling on safety and injury prevention	History Physical examination X-ray Diagnostic peritoneal lavage Complete blood count Basic metabolic panel Liver function test Pregnancy test Blood grouping Computed tomography (CT) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)	Advance trauma life support (ATLS)- tertiary survey Resuscitation Blood and blood product transfusion Major surgery Re-constructive surgery	Physical rehabilitation Occupational therapy Family or caregiver educational training Provide assistive products such as wheelchairs, Remove barriers to social and economic services	Opioid analgesia for effective control of moderate-to-severe pain Symptomatic non-pharmacological treatment Emotional, social, spiritual assessment and support based on cultural needs, values and preferences of patients and families