Interventions for Oesophagus cancer

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Age Cohort: 25 - 59 years

Health Promotion	Disease Prevention	Diagnostic	Curative	Rehabilitative	Palliative
Community Level
Public education about dangers of smoking and alcohol use	Public education about dangers of smoking and alcohol use Referral of people with neck masses (cervical lymph node swelling) to hospital for further examination Referral of people with difficulty swallowing to hospital for further assessment			Psycho social support for people who have received treatment Ensuring that treated people comply with follow up regime Support of treated people in smoking and alcohol cessation	Non-opioid pain relief for people with advanced disease
Primary Care
Public education about dangers of smoking and alcohol use	Public education about dangers of smoking and alcohol use Referral of people with neck masses (cervical lymph node swelling) to hospital for further examination Referral of people with difficulty swallowing to hospital for further assessment
Referral Facility: General
	Assessment of people with difficulty swallowing for oesophageal cancer		Surgery Chemotherapy Radiation	Esophageal dilatation Stents to maintain esophageal patency	Opioid pain relief for people with advanced disease
Referral Facility: Specialist
	Assessment of people with difficulty swallowing for oesophageal cancer		Surgery Chemotherapy Radiation	Esophageal dilatation Stents to maintain esophageal patency	Opioid pain relief for people with advanced disease

Age Cohort: 60+ years

Health Promotion	Disease Prevention	Diagnostic	Curative	Rehabilitative	Palliative
Community Level
Community engagement and empowerment on cancer awareness and early health-seeking behaviour Community leaders and advocates engagement to address cancer stigma and identification of barriers to accessing care	Healthy life style: healthy weight, physically active, no alcoholic drink or in moderation, no smoking, eat vegetables and fruits	Recognition of cancer signs and symptoms	Referral to the next level for diagnostic workup and treatment	Physical exercise Nutritional support	Opioid analgesia for effective control of moderate-to-severe pain Symptomatic non-pharmacological treatment Emotional, social, spiritual assessment and support based on cultural needs, values and preferences of patients and families Linkage to address financial well-being of patients and family members End-of-life care
Primary Care
Health education on early identification of signs and symptoms of oesophageal cancer	Guidance on health life style	Recognition of cancer signs and symptoms	Referral to the next level for diagnostic workup and treatment	Physical exercise Nutritional support	Opioid analgesia for effective control of moderate-to-severe pain Symptomatic non-pharmacological treatment Emotional, social, spiritual assessment and support based on cultural needs, values and preferences of patients and families Linkage to address financial well-being of patients and family members End-of-life care
Referral Facility: General
Health education on early identification of signs and symptoms of oesophageal cancer	Guidance on health life style	History Physical examination Blood chemistry tests Complete blood count (CBC) Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) panel X-ray (Barium swallow) Upper endoscopy Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)	Appropriate management of infections Referral to the next level for diagnostic workup and treatment	Physical exercise Nutritional support	Opioid analgesia for effective control of moderate-to-severe pain Symptomatic non-pharmacological treatment Emotional, social, spiritual assessment and support based on cultural needs, values and preferences of patients and families Linkage to address financial well-being of patients and family members End-of-life care*
Referral Facility: Specialist
	Assessment of people with difficulty swallowing for oesophageal cancer	History Physical examination Blood chemistry tests Complete blood count (CBC) Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) panel X-ray (Barium swallow) Upper endoscopy Ultrasonography Fine needle aspiration biopsy Positron emission tomography (PET), Computed tomography (CT)	Endoscopic resection Chemotherapy Targeted drug therapy Immunotherapy Surgery Radiotherapy	Physical exercise Nutritional support	Palliative systemic therapy for those locally advanced unresectable or metastatic disease End-of-life care*