Interventions for Depression

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Age Cohort: 25 - 59 years

Health Promotion	Disease Prevention	Diagnostic	Curative	Rehabilitative	Palliative
Community Level
Community engagement [community sensitization on psychiatric disorders, healthy diets, exercise, stress management, healthy relationships] Education directed at elimination of stigmatization of people living with mental health conditions	Community-based programmes to enhance a pattern of positive coping Healthy diet, physical activity, weight management, and alcohol, drug and tobacco use Compliance with medications	Recognition symptoms of mental health disorders	Referral to the next level for specialized mental health investigation	Self-management education Physical exercise Social skills training	Emotional, social, spiritual assessment and support based on cultural needs, values and preferences of patients and families Linkage to address financial well-being of patients and family members
Primary Care
Educate patients on the importance of modifying risk factors such as healthier diets, physical activity, and smoking cessation	Guidance and counselling on medication compliance to prevent recurrence	Clinical history Mental status examination Physical examination, including neurological examination Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)	Behavioural activation Cognitive behavioural therapy Interpersonal Psychotherapy	Self-management education Physical exercise Social skills training	Emotional, social, spiritual assessment and support based on cultural needs, values and preferences of patients and families
Referral Facility: General
Educate patients on the importance of modifying risk factors such as healthier diets, physical activity, and smoking cessation	Guidance and counselling on medication compliance to prevent recurrence	Clinical history Mental status examination Physical examination, including neurological examination Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D)	Behavioural activation Cognitive behavioural therapy Interpersonal Psychotherapy Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) Monitor possible adverse effects	Self-management education Physical exercise Social skills training	Emotional, social, spiritual assessment and support based on cultural needs, values and preferences of patients and families
Referral Facility: Specialist
Educate patients on the importance of modifying risk factors such as healthier diets, physical activity, and smoking cessation	Guidance and counselling on medication compliance to prevent recurrence	Clinical history Mental status examination Physical examination, including neurological examination Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D)	Behavioural activation Cognitive behavioural therapy Interpersonal Psychotherapy Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)	Self-management education Physical exercise Social skills training	Emotional, social, spiritual assessment and support based on cultural needs, values and preferences of patients and families

Age Cohort: 60+ years

Health Promotion	Disease Prevention	Diagnostic	Curative	Rehabilitative	Palliative
Community Level
Community engagement [community sensitization on psychiatric disorders, healthy diets, exercise, stress management, healthy relationships] Education directed at elimination of stigmatization of people living with mental health conditions	Community-based programmes to enhance a pattern of positive coping Healthy diet, physical activity, weight management, and alcohol, drug and tobacco use Compliance with medications	Recognition symptoms of mental health disorders	Referral to the next level for specialized mental health investigation	Self-management education Physical exercise Social skills training	Emotional, social, spiritual assessment and support based on cultural needs, values and preferences of patients and families Linkage to address financial well-being of patients and family members
Primary Care
Educate patients on the importance of modifying risk factors such as healthier diets, physical activity, and smoking cessation Education directed at elimination of stigmatization of people living with mental health conditions	Guidance and counselling on medication compliance to prevent recurrence	Clinical history Mental status examination Physical examination, including neurological examination Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)	Behavioural activation Cognitive behavioural therapy Interpersonal Psychotherapy	Self-management education Physical exercise Social skills training	Emotional, social, spiritual assessment and support based on cultural needs, values and preferences of patients and families
Referral Facility: General
	Guidance and counselling on medication compliance to prevent recurrence	Clinical history Mental status examination Physical examination, including neurological examination Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D)	Behavioural activation Cognitive behavioural therapy Interpersonal Psychotherapy Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) Monitor possible adverse effects	Self-management education Physical exercise Social skills training	Emotional, social, spiritual assessment and support based on cultural needs, values and preferences of patients and families
Referral Facility: Specialist
	Guidance and counselling on medication compliance to prevent recurrence	Clinical history Mental status examination Physical examination, including neurological examination Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D)	Behavioural activation Cognitive behavioural therapy Interpersonal Psychotherapy Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)	Self-management education Physical exercise Social skills training	Emotional, social, spiritual assessment and support based on cultural needs, values and preferences of patients and families

Age Cohort: 12 - 24 years

Health Promotion	Disease Prevention	Diagnostic	Curative	Rehabilitative	Palliative
Community Level
Community engagement [community sensitization on psychiatric disorders, healthy diets, exercise, stress management, healthy relationships] Education directed at elimination of stigmatization of people living with mental health conditions Community planning for increased community spaces/parks	School-based programmes to enhance a pattern of positive coping Healthy diet, physical activity, weight management, and alcohol, drug and tobacco use Compliance with medications	Recognition symptoms of mental health disorders	Referral to the next level for specialized mental health investigation	Self-management education Physical exercise Social skills training	Emotional, social, spiritual assessment and support based on cultural needs, values and preferences of patients and families
Primary Care
Educate patients on the importance of modifying risk factors such as healthier diets, physical activity, and smoking cessation	Guidance and counselling on medication compliance to prevent recurrence	Clinical history Mental status examination Physical examination, including neurological examination Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)	Behavioural activation Cognitive behavioural therapy Interpersonal Psychotherapy	Self-management education Physical exercise Social skills training	Emotional, social, spiritual assessment and support based on cultural needs, values and preferences of patients and families
Referral Facility: General
Educate patients on the importance of modifying risk factors such as healthier diets, physical activity, and smoking cessation	Guidance and counselling on medication compliance to prevent recurrence	Clinical history Mental status examination Physical examination, including neurological examination Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D)	Behavioural activation Cognitive behavioural therapy Interpersonal Psychotherapy Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) Monitor possible adverse effects	Self-management education Physical exercise Social skills training	Emotional, social, spiritual assessment and support based on cultural needs, values and preferences of patients and families
Referral Facility: Specialist
Educate patients on the importance of modifying risk factors such as healthier diets, physical activity, and smoking cessation	Guidance and counselling on medication compliance to prevent recurrence	Clinical history Mental status examination Physical examination, including neurological examination Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D)	Behavioural activation Cognitive behavioural therapy Interpersonal Psychotherapy Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)	Self-management education Physical exercise Social skills training	Emotional, social, spiritual assessment and support based on cultural needs, values and preferences of patients and families