Interventions for Typhoid Fever

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Age Cohort: 12 - 24 years

Health Promotion	Disease Prevention	Diagnostic	Curative	Rehabilitative	Palliative
Community Level
Public education regarding the importance of hand washing	Access to safe drinking water Use of improved sanitation Hand washing with soap Hygiene among food handlers Typhoid vaccination	Recognition of typhoid fever signs and symptoms	Antipyretics Immediate transfer to a higher-level health care facility
Primary Care
Health education on the importance of hand washing especially to health workers and food handlers	Access to safe drinking water Use of improved sanitation Hand washing with soap	History Physical examination Widal test	Antipyretics Antibiotic therapy Immediate transfer to a higher-level health care facility
Referral Facility: General
Health education on the importance of hand washing especially to health workers and food handlers	Access to safe drinking water Use of improved sanitation Hand washing with soap	History Physical examination Complete blood count Widal test ELISA serological test	Antibiotic therapy Analgesics Antipyretics IV fluid Oxygen supplementation for complication Nutritional support
Referral Facility: Specialist
Health education on the importance of hand washing especially to health workers and food handlers	Access to safe drinking water Use of improved sanitation Hand washing with soap	History Physical examination Widal test ELISA serological test Blood culture Bone marrow culture Stool culture PCR assay CSF analysis	Antibiotic therapy Analgesics Antipyretics IV fluid Oxygen supplementation for complication Nutritional support Surgery for complication

Age Cohort: 5 - 11 years

Health Promotion	Disease Prevention	Diagnostic	Curative	Rehabilitative	Palliative
Community Level
Community awareness on safe drinking-water, use of improved sanitation and hand washing with soap	Good hygiene practices in food preparation Safe portable water in homes and communities Proper sanitation and hygiene practice including hand washing	Recognition of typhoid fever signs and symptoms	Oral hydration Antipyretics Immediate transfer to a higher-level health care facility
Primary Care
Health education on safe drinking-water, use of improved sanitation and hand washing with soap to reduce risk of enteric infections	Access to safe drinking water Use of improved sanitation Hand washing with soap Vaccination: typhoid	History and Physical examination.	Oral hydration Antibiotics Appropriate nutrition Referral to higher level
Referral Facility: General
Health education on the importance of hand washing especially to health workers and food handlers	Access to safe drinking water Use of improved sanitation Hand washing with soap	History Physical examination Complete blood count Widal test ELISA serological test	Oral hydration IV hydration Antibiotics Zinc supplements Appropriate nutrition Blood transfusions if indicated Referral for management of complications.
Referral Facility: Specialist
Health education on the importance of hand washing especially to health workers and food handlers	Access to safe drinking water Use of improved sanitation Hand washing with soap	History Physical examination Widal test ELISA serological test Blood culture Bone marrow culture Stool culture PCR assay CSF analysis	Oral hydration IV hydration Antibiotics Appropriate nutrition Blood transfusions if indicated IV steroids Surgical repair

Age Cohort: < 5 years

Health Promotion	Disease Prevention	Diagnostic	Curative	Rehabilitative	Palliative
Community Level
Community awareness on safe drinking-water, use of improved sanitation and hand washing with soap	Exclusive breastfeeding and appropriate complementary feeding Good hygiene practices in food preparation Safe portable water in homes and communities Proper sanitation and hygiene practice including hand washing	Recognition of Typhoid fever signs and symptoms	Oral hydration Antipyretics Immediate transfer to a higher-level health care facility
Primary Care
Health education on safe drinking-water, use of improved sanitation and hand washing with soap to reduce risk of enteric infections	Access to safe drinking water Use of improved sanitation Hand washing with soap Vaccination: typhoid	History and Physical examination	Oral hydration Antibiotics Appropriate nutrition including breast feeding Referral to higher level
Referral Facility: General
Health education on the importance of hand washing especially to health workers and food handlers	Access to safe drinking water Use of improved sanitation Hand washing with soap Vaccination: typhoid	History Physical examination Complete blood count Serological test	Oral hydration IV hydration Antibiotics Zinc supplements Appropriate nutrition including breast feeding Blood transfusions if indicated Referral for management of complications.
Referral Facility: Specialist
Health education on the importance of hand washing especially to health workers and food handlers	Access to safe drinking water Use of improved sanitation Hand washing with soap Vaccination: typhoid	History Physical examination Complete blood count Serological test Blood culture Stool or rectal swab culture Bone marrow aspirate culture CSF analysis	Oral hydration IV hydration Antibiotics Appropriate nutrition including breast feeding Blood transfusions if indicated IV steroids Surgical repair