Interventions for Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers

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Age Cohort: 25 - 59 years

Health Promotion	Disease Prevention	Diagnostic	Curative	Rehabilitative	Palliative
Community Level
Community awareness on risk factors (smoking) and occupational and environmental exposure (e.g., goal mining, cement factories, etc.) Mass media campaigns that educate the public about the harms of smoking/tobacco use and second hand smoke Community engagement and empowerment on cancer awareness and early health-seeking behaviour Community leaders and advocates engagement to address cancer stigma and identification of barriers to accessing care	Not starting smoking, or to quitting smoke and avoiding second hand smoke. Healthy diet	Recognition of cancer signs and symptoms	Support smoking cessation Early identification of symptoms and referral	Self-management education Physical exercise Nutritional support	Home-based care with multi-disciplinary team with access to opiates and essential supportive medicines Emotional, social, spiritual assessment and support based on cultural needs, values and preferences of patients and families Linkage to address financial well-being of patients and family members End-of-life care
Primary Care
Health education on early identification of signs and symptoms of respiratory tract cancers	Not starting smoking, or to quitting smoke and avoiding second hand smoke Referral of people with cough, chest pain or weight loss to hospital for further assessment	History Physical examination Complete blood count Chest radiography	Support smoking cessation Early identification of symptoms and referral Follow up care of treated patients	Self-management skills Breathing re-training Physiotherapy	Multi-disciplinary team with access to opiates and essential supportive medicines Emotional, social, spiritual assessment and support based on cultural needs, values and preferences of patients and families Linkage to address financial well-being of patients and family members End-of-life care
Referral Facility: General
Health education on early identification of signs and symptoms of respiratory tract cancers	Assessment of people with cough, chest pain or weight loss for lung, tracheal or bronchial cancer		Appropriate management of infections Referral to the next level for diagnostic workup and treatment	Self-management skills Breathing re-training Physiotherapy Speech and language therapy Assistive technology (e.g. for communication or voice) Pulmonary rehabilitation	Multi-disciplinary team with access to opiates and essential supportive medicines Emotional, social, spiritual assessment and support based on cultural needs, values and preferences of patients and families Linkage to address financial well-being of patients and family members End-of-life care
Referral Facility: Specialist
Health education on early identification of signs and symptoms of respiratory tract cancers	Annual lung cancer screening with Low dose CT (LDCT) scan for high risk population Counselling support to quit smoking	History Physical examination Sputum cytology Bronchoscopy X-ray Ultrasound	Staging and grading Chemotherapy Targeted drug therapy Surgery Radiotherapy	Self-management skills Breathing re-training Physiotherapy Speech and language therapy Assistive technology (e.g. for communication or voice) Pulmonary rehabilitation	Multi-disciplinary team with access to opiates and essential supportive medicines Emotional, social, spiritual assessment and support based on cultural needs, values and preferences of patients and families Linkage to address financial well-being of patients and family members End-of-life care

Age Cohort: 60+ years

Health Promotion	Disease Prevention	Diagnostic	Curative	Rehabilitative	Palliative
Community Level
Community awareness on risk factors (smoking) and occupational and environmental exposure (e.g., goal mining, cement factories, etc.) Mass media campaigns that educate the public about the harms of smoking/tobacco use and second hand smoke Community engagement and empowerment on cancer awareness and early health-seeking behaviour Community leaders and advocates engagement to address cancer stigma and identification of barriers to accessing care	Not starting smoking, or to quitting smoke and avoiding second hand smoke. Healthy diet	Recognition of cancer signs and symptoms	Support smoking cessation Early identification of symptoms and referral	Self-management education Physical exercise Nutritional support	Symptomatic non-pharmacological treatment Emotional, social, spiritual assessment and support based on cultural needs, values and preferences of patients and families
Primary Care
Health education on early identification of signs and symptoms of respiratory tract cancers	Not starting smoking, or to quitting smoke and avoiding second hand smoke Referral of people with cough, chest pain or weight loss to hospital for further assessment	History Physical examination Complete blood count Chest radiography	Support smoking cessation Early identification of symptoms and referral Follow up care of treated patients	Self-management skills Breathing re-training Physiotherapy	Opioid analgesia for effective control of moderate-to-severe pain Symptomatic non-pharmacological treatment Emotional, social, spiritual assessment and support based on cultural needs, values and preferences of patients and families End-of-life care
Referral Facility: General
Health education on early identification of signs and symptoms of respiratory tract cancers	Guidance and counselling on risk of smoking and second hand smoke Counselling support to quit smoking	History Physical examination Sputum cytology Bronchoscopy X-ray Ultrasound	Appropriate management of infections Referral to the next level for diagnostic workup and treatment	Self-management skills Breathing re-training Physiotherapy Speech and language therapy Assistive technology (e.g. for communication or voice) Pulmonary rehabilitation	Opioid analgesia for effective control of moderate-to-severe pain Symptomatic non-pharmacological treatment Emotional, social, spiritual assessment and support based on cultural needs, values and preferences of patients and families Linkage to address financial well-being of patients and family members End-of-life care
Referral Facility: Specialist
	Annual lung cancer screening with Low dose CT (LDCT) scan for high risk population Counselling support to quit smoking	History Physical examination Sputum cytology Bronchoscopy X-ray Ultrasound Bone density (DEXA) scan, Positron emission tomography (PET), Computed tomography (CT), Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Lung biopsy	Staging and grading Chemotherapy Targeted drug therapy Surgery Radiotherapy	Self-management skills Breathing re-training Physiotherapy Speech and language therapy Assistive technology (e.g. for communication or voice) Pulmonary rehabilitation	Emotional, social, spiritual assessment and support based on cultural needs, values and preferences of patients and families Opioid pain relief for people with advanced disease Provision of end-of-life care